MinerU

At a glance

Input

PDF and page images

Output

Markdown, JSON

Provenance

Page and region information

Scanned pages

Supported with the selected pipeline

Deployment

Self-hosted

Availability

Source available

Costs to plan for

Compute and model costs

Limitations to check

Check reading order in two-column pages, cross-page table boundaries, and the current code and model terms.

Build a meaningful sample

Include your hardest pages: low-quality scans, missing fields, dense tables, and evidence split across pages. Validate output correctness separately from citation accuracy.